What is Syphilis? Why is it spreading widely?

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is a highly contagious disease that can be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her unborn child during pregnancy or childbirth.

Syphilis progresses through several stages if left untreated, and each stage has different symptoms and potential complications. The infection typically progresses in three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis.

Primary syphilis

This stage begins with the appearance of a small, painless sore called a chancre at the site of infection. The chancre usually develops within 3 weeks after exposure and can occur on the genitals, anus, or mouth. The sore is highly infectious and can last 3 to 6 weeks.

Secondary syphilis

If left untreated, the infection progresses to the secondary stage. During this stage, a rash may develop on the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Other symptoms may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, and patchy hair loss. These symptoms can come and go over several months.

Tertiary syphilis

If syphilis remains untreated for several years, it can progress to the tertiary stage, which is the most severe and potentially life-threatening. Tertiary syphilis can affect various organs, including the heart, brain, blood vessels, and bones. It can lead to serious complications such as cardiovascular problems, neurological disorders, blindness, and organ damage.

Syphilis can be diagnosed through blood tests and microscopic examination of fluid from a chancre or skin rash. It is treated with antibiotics, primarily penicillin, which is highly effective in curing the infection. If diagnosed and treated early, syphilis can be cured completely. However, treatment cannot reverse any damage caused by the infection during the late stages.

Prevention of syphilis involves practicing safe sex, including consistent and correct condom use, regular STI testing, and being in a mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner. Pregnant women should receive prenatal care to identify and treat syphilis if present to prevent transmission to the baby.